By Joni Trythall
In using the <svg> element, we are establishing a fragment consisting of nested details in our document. This fragment has its own viewport and coordinate system which can seem very complex and intimidating when you are first getting started.
Understanding the workspace of SVG is helpful in properly rendering your artwork, but becomes crucial once you get into more advanced SVG customization, like gradients and patterns, where the details rely heavily on the established coordinate system.
While this topic is quite extensive, my hopes are that briefly discussing the purpose and general behavior of SVG viewport and viewBox will provide a foundation to get you going with your SVG workspace.
viewport
The viewport is the visible section of an SVG. While an SVG can be as wide or as high as we wish, only a certain section of this image can be visible at a time.
The viewport is set through height and width attributes within the <svg>.
If we choose to not define a viewport (although I have encountered issues with Firefox here) the dimensions of this viewport will generally be determined by any other indicators we may have within the SVG, like the width of the outermost SVG element. Though, leaving this undefined leaves our artwork susceptible to being cut off.
I find that the more details you spell out within SVG the better your image will work across browsers.
viewBox
The viewBox provides us with very powerful capabilities. It allows us to specify that a given set of graphics stretch to fit a particular container element. These values include four numbers seperated by commas or spaces: min-x, min-y, width, and height that should generally be set to the bounds of the viewport.
The min values represent from what point within the image the viewBox should start, while the width and height establish the size of the box.
If we choose to not define a viewBox the image will not scale to match the bounds set by the viewport.
preserveAspectRatio
If the viewport and viewBox do not have the same width to height ratio, the preserveAspectRatio attribute indicates to the browser how to display the image.
The value descriptions here can get pretty lengthy, but the Mozilla Develeper Network has a great writeup to get you started.
Left unspecified the default setting here forces uniform scaling and the entire viewBox is visible within the viewport.
Pear Example
Let’s take a look at an image of a pear. Within this first example the viewport and viewBox are set to matching values, with a width of 115px and a height of 190px. The viewBox is set to cover the entire pear image, and that image is set to fill the bounds of its container.
Matching Dimensions
Reduced viewBox
If we were to take 50px off the width and height of the pear image viewBox, we are reducing the size of what portion of the pear we want visible, but then what is left visible will scale to fit to the bounds of the viewport.
Expanding viewport
Let’s add an additional 200px to both the width and height of the viewport. The image will scale up to match these dimensions. The viewBox is set to cover the entire image, making the whole pear visible. The viewport contains this whole image and defines the bounds to which the whole pear will fill.
Here’s a look at an expanded viewport:
Altering min Values
The min values within the viewBox define the origin of the viewBox within the parent element; in other words, at what point within the viewBox do we want it to begin matching up the viewport. In the above examples the min values are set to 0,0 (top left). Let’s change these to 50, 30.
The viewBox (what will be visible) now starts 50px in from the x axis and 30px in from the y axis. In altering these values we have simply changed the section of the pear we want to focus on.
Conclusion
Understanding and setting the proper coordinate system for SVG is really helpful when creating and displaying your graphics consistently across browsers.
We reviewed some very basic alterations of an SVG viewport and viewBox which hopefully demonstrates the power and usefulness of thoroughly defining SVG workspaces.
Happy viewBox setting!
This article was originally published at https://jonibologna.com/svg-viewbox-and-viewport/
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